The basis of this ontology is DOLCE Lite, Version 397. Note: The original author of the OWL-version of DOLCE (called DOLCE Lite Plus) is Aldo Gangemi and colleagues. Currently, only the DOLCE-Lite 397 module is contained in this ontology. This ontology a modification of the DOLCE-Lite-Plus ontology. The original can be found under http://www.loa-cnr.it/DOLCE.html Version 1.0. June 2007 Authors: Florian Probst, Martin Espeter, Eike Hinderk Juerrens _c: A quality region role can only be played by a quality region. 1 _c: A rational basic reference space is a basic reference space that allows the operations valid for ratio scales on its reference regions. Every rational reference space includes one non-atomic reference region that plays the role of a grounding region. Any grounding region in turn has an atomic reference region as part that plays the role of unit of measure. Except of the first non-atomic reference region, all regions of a rational basic reference space have region-extension-qualities located at the same magnitude. Put simply, all reference regions are of the same “size”. For example, having a ruler where the spaces between the marks on the scale are not equal is not useful. 1 1 _c: A quality that is located at a one-dimensional physical space region. For example: The length of a table edge. An edge does exactly have one length "value"  it is located at an atomic quality region. A 1D quality (e.g. length, depth) can be conceptualized to inhere in a 2D or 3D spatial feature. This results in a non-atomic quality regions at a time since the location of the 1D quality can not be clearly identified. Dummy class for optimizing some property universes. It includes all entities that are not reifications of universals ('abstracts'), i.e. those entities that are in space-time. _c: A basic-physical-quality is inherent in a physical endurant or a basic-physical-quality. A basic-physical-quality is located in a spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region. The original DOLCE category was modified by extending the range of the "is-quality-location" relation to the union of physical endurant and basic-physical-quality in order to allow a spatial-extent-qualities to have a spatial-location-quality. _c: A reference space has as parts reference regions. A reference space as a whole partitions a quality space. Thus the reference regions of the reference space serve to partition a quality space in a reproducible manner. We take reference regions as a requirement for establishing communication about quality regions. The selection of the reference space appropriate for a certain communication process is in most cases done implicitly. The presented theory allows to make this selection process explicit. A reference region is denoted by some information object (a symbol). Which symbol is used to denote that reference region is made explicit via the is-denoted relation. /XYZ/ and /1m/ can have the same meaning if they are used to denote the same reference region. Any reference region necessarily maps a quality region. Reference regions serve two purposes: 1. They map some non-atomic quality region of some quality space. Since the reference space partitions the quality space exhaustively, any reference region maps on some quality region. This in turn does not imply that some quality exists that has its quality location at any of the mapped quality regions. 2. They approximate absolute magnitudes of some quality under investigation. An approximation process can be seen as intrinsically tied to any observation process. Trivially, only existing qualities can be measured. This is, only for existing qualities, a reference region can be identified that approximates the magnitude (atomic quality region) of the observed quality. _c: A 1D spatial location quality is necessarily located at a one dimensional physical space region. fp:_ --> not in FOL characterization! _c: A length quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The length of a ship is a non-atomic quality since a ship has at any time more than one width magnitude. In other words a ship has a magnitude range for its length quality. An endurant with no mass, generically constantly depending on some agent. Non-physical endurants can have physical constituents (e.g. in the case of members of a collection). _c: A cognitively composed quality region is part of a cognitively composed quality space. The composition of the space follows some cognitive theory (not further specified here). The double cone for color is an example for a cognitively composed quality space. Only cognitively composed qualities can be located at cognitively composed quality regions. The main characteristic of cognitively composed quality regions is that the distance between regions accounts for their cognitive similarity. A region is more similar to a region located close by then to a distant quality region. For example the reference region named light green is to the reference region named dark green cognitively more similar then to the reference region dark red. Similarity statements are only possible after approximating a cognitively composed quality space with cognitively-composed reference regions. All qualities that are located in a cognitively composed quality region must be cognitively composed qualities. _c: This quality relates a certain entity with another entity by counting how often a certain relation occurs. E.g. A table can have the "has-leg” relation more than once. A typical table may entertain this relation 4 times. This quality is closely related to the cardinatily restiction. fp: --> not in FOL characterization! _c: Only abstract basic qualities can be located at abstract basic quality regions. In other words, only qualities that are not directly perceivable can be located at abstract quality regions, e.g. the abstract quality “currency-value”. This category is disjoint to BASIC SPATIO-TEMPORAL QUALITY REGION. Hypothesis: abstract qualities are fully-based in cognition rather then on perception. An abstract basic quality region has to be part of an abstract basic quality space and can itself only have abstract quality regions as part. _c: A scientifically composed quality follows some scientific theory and does not necessarily reflect who a human agent conceptualize the same real world phenomenon. Color for example can be conceptualized according to scientific as well as cognitive theories. fp: A height quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. Atomic refers to the extent of the region. _c2: Examples: hue, or direction (if seen as quality). The circularity of the space is modeled by specifying an atomic region that plays the role of the first atomic quality region in that space and one atomic region that plays the role of the last atomic region. Additionally it is specified that the atomic quality region that plays the role of the first region succeeds the region that plays the role of the last quality region. fp: a quality which is located at a one-dimensional space region. For example, the height of a tower, the depth of a lake. These qualities have multiple "values" at the same time since they are conceptualized into a entity with a higher dimensionality. _c: All regions that play the role of being the first atomic reference region in a grounding region are necessarily part of a non-atomic reference region that plays the role of being a grounding region. There is no region that is part of the same grounding region and that precedes the region that plays the role of the first quality region. _c: A scientifically composed reference space partitions a scientifically composed quality space. The central difference to a cognitively composed reference space is that the regions of a scientifically composed reference space are combined according to arithmetic operations. Since science is about explaining our experiences, it might be possible (in some cases) to model a cognitively composed quality space via a scientifically composed quality space, yet we want to stress that this modelling process changes the conceptualization of a certain cognitively experienced quality, justifying the introduction of scientifically composed quality spaces to make the difference explicit. This category requires further work. _c: A composed quality space is constituted by more then one quality space. Note that the constituting quality spaces are not part of the composed quality space. The composed quality space can be seen as emerging from combining two or more quality spaces. The constituting quality spaces can either be abstract or spatio-temporal or a mixture of both. 2 fp: A non-atomic quality region can play the atomic region for some cognitive agent. A quale plays the role of an cognitively atomic region. The quale role, however is played by an non-atomic region. For example, the region in which you place all the perceptions of red which you can not further distinguish are your personal quale. In physical reality this region is non-atomic, since it can be further divided. For your perception, it is atomic, since you can not further divide it. This category is debadable. _c: Any regular region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore any regular region has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the fist atomic region in that grounding region. --> not in FOL characterization! _c: For a human agent, a basic spatio temporal quale is equivalent to an atomic quality region. This is due to the limited resolution of the human sensory apparatus. Ontologically, however we consider the category QUALE as sub-category of NON-ATOMIC QUALITY REGION. A quale is a non-atomic quality region that is identified by some cognitive process in the mind of a human agent. This process is not further investigated here. A quale is an approximation to the objective physical extent of some quality. In other words, a quale is a non-atomic region that contains some atomic region (physical extent or magnitude). In order to communicate about the quale, it needs to be approximated by some non-atomic reference region. See comments on atomic-basic-spatio-temporal-region and abstract quale. Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality). _c: Any reference space requires some reference magnitude, which serves to "fix" the reference space on the quality space. A reference space imposed to a quality space with a absolute boundary requires one additional, conventionally agreed upon reference magnitude. In such a case, the unit-of measure may serve as reference magnitude. _c: Cognitively-composed-reference regions approximate a cognitively-composed-quality-region. In contrast to most arithmetically composed reference regions, cognitively composed reference regions can not be ordered along a single dimension. Instead, the distances of two regions can be interpreted as a similarity measure (see Gärdenfors theory of conceptual spaces). In other words the distance between reference regions allow statements about the cognitive similarity of the quality values. For example the reference region named light green is to the reference region named dark green cognitively more similar then to the reference region dark red. Similarity statements are only possible after approximating a cognitively composed quality space with cognitively-composed reference regions. Features that are relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge. fp: The current approach assumes that any horizontal 2D feature and any 3D feature have unnamed 1D horizontal features. _c1: A surface feature for example has a physical location at a 2D physical space region. This region in turn is located in absolute physical space. Only two dimensional spatial location qualities can be located at two dimensional space regions. _c: A one-boundary abstract quality space has a first atomic quality region. The first atomic quality region in a quality space is the smallest magnitude that exists for that quality. Even if we cannot measure this quality region, we still need to assume its existence. The notion "first atomic quality region" is needed in order to discretize continuous quantities. _c1: A scientifically composed quality region locates only scientifically composed qualities. It can be constituted by any kind of basic quality. This category requires further work. fp: A depth quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. Atomic refers to the extent of the region. _c: A reference region can play the role of the dividend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified. _c: One-boundary spatio temporal quality spaces are probably the most frequently used quality spaces when dealing with observations and measurements. It has a first atomic quality region (FA-QR-Rl). The first atomic quality region in a quality space is the smallest magnitude that exists for that quality. Even if we cannot measure this quality region, we still need to assume its existence. The notion "first atomic quality region" is needed in order to discretize continuous magnitudes. The OBST-QS has spatio-temporal quality regions (STB-QR) as parts. One of these regions plays the role of being the first atomic quality region (FA-QR-Rl) in the quality space. The quality space for volume is a one-border spatio-temporal basic quality space for which quantifications in terms of “smaller” or “bigger” are possible. _c: More work is needed on this category _c: A certain shade of red for example, when perceived by a human agent. If two or more basic quality spaces are combined into a composed quality space, the smallest region a human agent can distinguish from another region is called composed quale. It is constituted by basic spatio-temporal or abstract qualia. Qualia are non-atomic regions in which the absolute physical extent, understood as atomic region, is located in. Only if the cognitively composed quality space is constituted only by abstract qualities, then composed quale and atomic cognitively composed quality region are equivalent. _c: Any first-non-atomic-reference-region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore it has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the median atomic region in that first reference region of the reference space. --> not in FOL characterization! A result is a semantic (!?) role that refers to that which is produced by an event. This role is usually encoded as the surface object of a sentence. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAResult.htm _c: A quality region quantifies a quality. A quality is located at a quality region, thus a quality region is the extent of the quality. A child's body for example has a height quality. This height quality is located in a height quality region. While the child's body is growing, its height quality stays the same quality, yet its location in the height quality space changes. The quality is located at a different quality region, or magnitude. In other words, the quality changes its value. Natural language is often not specific whether a quality is located at an atomic quality region (a single magnitude) or a non-atomic quality region (a magnitude range). Every quality region can only have quality regions as parts and must itself be part of a quality space. fp: the notion "atomic-region" in the name indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region in its quality space. In other words, this quality does have at any time at most one "value". E.g. the the area of a lake surface. In contrast the cross profile area of a lake has infinit values at a time as long as the location of the cross profile within the water body is not fixed. Thus it is located at an non-atomic region in its quality space. --> see non-atomic-twoD-spatial-extent quality. If a two dimensional extent quality inheres in a two dimensional spatial feature (e.g. surface of a table) it is a single magnitude at a time. _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by subtraction. _c: An arithmetically composed quality is located in an arithmetically composed quality region. The composition of arithmetically composed qualities involves some arithmetic theory. An arithmetically composed quality involves at least two basic qualities. _c2: In analogy to the spatio-temporal quality spaces, a circular abstract quality space is defined. The circularity of the space is modeled by specifying an atomic region that plays the role of the first atomic quality region in that space and one atomic region that plays the role of the last atomic region. Additionally it is specified that that the atomic region that plays the first region succeeds the region that plays the last region. _c: At this stage of the ontology development, we consider only an atomic spatial extent quality to play a maximum quality role. The role-playing quality’s atomic quality region is itself playing the role of being the last region in the non-atomic quality region of the quality which is refined by the quality that plays the maximum quality role. See the characterization of last atomic quality region role (LAQR-Rl). For example, a tunnel might have a height quality. This height quality is located at a non-atomic quality region (a magnitude range). There exists an atomic height quality that refines the tunnel height quality in the sense that it is located at a single magnitude (not at a magnitude range). This atomic height quality plays the role of the maximum quality if it is located at the last atomic region of the non-atomic region of the tunnel height quality. Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present yet, or any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time). _c: Intensity can be modeled as relational moment. It characterizes the speed of the process that unfolds between two or more entities. For example: The intensity of an erosion process. More work is required on this category. _c: A composed reference space is constituted by other reference spaces. The subcategories of composed reference space are debatable. The number in which difference arithmetic operations can be combined is infinite. Here we list some frequently used composed reference-spaces. Further specification is required on domain level. In analogy to basic reference spaces, a composed reference space is homomorphic to the composed quality space it partitions. In other words, the composed quality space covers the partitioned quality space fully. 2 The common trait of amounts of matter is that they are endurants with no unity (according to Gangemi et a. 2001 none of them is an essential whole). Amounts of matter - 'stuffs' referred to by mass nouns like 'gold', 'iron', 'wood', 'sand', 'meat', etc. - are mereologically invariant, in the sense that they change their identity when they change some parts. fp: The current approach assumes that any vertical 3D feature has unnamed 2D vertical features. _c: Physical and temporal qualities can only be located at spatio temporal quality regions. A quality region can be approximated by either human senses or any technical sensor or measurement device. Every basic quality that can be perceived in physical reality has a magnitude that is a region in a basic spatio-temporal quality region. The main difference between spatio-temporal regions and abstract regions is that spatio-temporal regions are the extent of some perceivable, physical or temporal quality. (Most) abstract regions rely on convention. They cannot be perceived neither by a human agent’s senses nor by any physical observation device. They are "cognized". _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by division. _c: Any first-non-atomic-reference-region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore it has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the first atomic region in that first reference region of the reference space. --> not in FOL characterization! _c1: An edge feature for example has a physical location at a 1D physical space region. This region however is located in absolute physical space. Only one-dimensional spatial location qualities can be located at one-dimensional space regions. _c1: A basic quality space is a quality space with a single dimension that has only basic quality regions as parts. In this respect quality dimension and basic quality space are synonyms. See basic quality region _c: The volume quality characterizes the volume of some quality. This quality should not be confused with the spatial location quality of some spatial entity. _c: A region abstract quality characterizes regions. Since regions are abstract entities, their qualities are considered abstract qualities. This is inline with the DOLCE distinction into physical and abstract qualities. _c: A non-physical abstract quality is inherent in non-physical endurants. _c: A common cognitive model for color is based in three basic qualities: hue, saturation and brightness. Together the three basic quality spaces constitute the composed quality space (a double cone) in which a color quality is located. _c: An arithmetically composed quality is located in an arithmetically composed quality region. A speed quality is located at a region that is composed by two basic quality regions: A length quality region and a temporal quality region. The length quality region plays the role of the dividend and the temporal region plays the role of the divisor. _c: Any grounding region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore any grounding region has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the median atomic region in that grounding region. The atomic region that plays the role of being the median atomic region in a grounding region can also play the role of being the a unit of measure. The abstract content of a proposition. Abstract content is purely combinatorial: from this viewpoint, any content that can be generated by means of combinatorial rules is assumed to exist in the domain of quantification (reified abstracts). _c1: atomic region width. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. ==> The quality has a single value at a time. _c: Only one-dimensional (basic) abstract qualities can be located at quality regions that are part of basic abstract quality spaces. Abstract qualities are not directly perceivable (neither via the human senses nor via physical measurement devices); therefore, an abstract quality space is, in contrast to the perceivable spatio-temporal quality spaces, not dependent on a perception process. This category requires further work. All socially constructed quality spaces appear to be abstract spaces. Examples are the value of a currency or the applicability of a law. The only parts a spatio temporal quality space can have are abstract quality regions. fp: The current approach assumes that any vertical 3D feature has unnamed 2D horizontal features. 2 _c: A composed quality is composed by other qualities. Finally, the composing qualities are basic qualities. E.g. speed, color. We distinguish based on the theory on which the composition is based between cognitively composed qualities and scientifically composed qualities. _c: A reference space has the purpose of approximating a quality space. A reference space is the sum of all its reference regions. A reference space has reference regions as parts. A reference space has the same structure as the quality space it approximates. For example, only one-dimensional reference spaces can approximate one-dimensional quality spaces. The emerging characteristics of a reference space are the operations one can perform on its regions. This leads to ordinal, interval and rational reference spaces. A quality space can not carry such characteristics. A reference space turns a quality space into a communicable structure. Within each reference space a certain number (depending on kind and number of the involved basic quality spaces) of atomic reference regions are grounded by atomic quality regions. These atomic reference regions are named und one of them plays the role of the unit of measure in the reference space (see unit of measure). _c: An arithmetically composed quality is located in an arithmetically composed quality region. A density quality is located at a region that is composed by two basic quality regions: A mass quality region and a volume quality region. The mass quality region plays the role of the dividend and the volume region plays the role of the divisor. _c: A last atomic quality region role is played by a quality region that has no atomic quality region as successor in a non-atomic quality region or a quality space. _c: A non-atomic abstract basic quality region has atomic abstract quality regions as parts. _c: A unary quality is a quality that characterizes a single entity on which it is specifically dependent. A unary quality inheres in a single entity. It is located at a quality region. In contrast, a relational quality characterizes more then one entity. _c: A reference region can play the role of the multiplier when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified. fp: a arithmetic-role can be played by an atomic or non-atomic reference region. However, in most cases this role is played by an non-atomic reference region as it is define in scales based on meter or foot. _c: The role of being the grounding-region in a reference space is necessarily played by a non-atomic-reference-region. The central characteristic of a grounding region is that it is played by a non-atomic reference region and that is has as part an atomic reference region that plays the role of the unit of measure. AKA arbitrary-collection.The mereological sum of any two or more endurants (physical or not). Arbitrary sums have no unity criterion (they are 'extensional'). An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.In general, events differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which an event of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align an event-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical events under 'event', e.g. 'discharge', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive discharge events, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).If we want to consider all the aspects of a process together, we need to postulate a unifying descriptive set of criteria (i.e. a 'description'), according to which that process is circumstantiated in a 'situation'. The different aspects will arise as a parts of a same situation. _c: A first atomic quality region role is played by an atomic quality region (A-QR) that has no predecessor in a basic quality space (NA-QR). TODO: Additional relations using the existential qualitifier should be aadded. Reasinging stalls ... _c: An atomic-reference-region can play the role of a unit-of-measure. An atomic-reference-region is grounded by some atomic quality region (grounding step). This mapping and naming process is a process to which the user community of the unit of measure conventionally agrees to. Historically the "meter" was defined by agreeing on the atomic quality region at which the length quality of a bar made of an alloy of platinum and iridium was located. A region that plays the role of a unit of measure is necessarily denoted by a symbol (understood as information object), e.g. "1 m" or "1 Meter". An atomic region that plays the role of being a unit of measure is necessarily part of a non-atomic region that plays the role of a grounding region in a reference space. A unit of measure is a role that is played by an atomic reference region. This reference region in turn is grounded by an atomic quality region. A central aspect is that all "region extension qualities" of the reference space´s non-atomic reference regions are located at the same atomic quality region that also grounds the atomic reference region that plays the role of unit of measure. fp: The current approach assumes that any vertical 2D feature and any 3D feature have unnamed 1D vertical features. Features are 'parasitic entities', that exist insofar their host exists. Typical examples of features are holes, bumps, boundaries, or spots of color. Features may be relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge, or dependent regions like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree, which are not parts of their host. All features are essential wholes, but no common unity criterion may exist for all of them. However, typical features have a topological unity, as they are singular entities.Here only features of physical endurants are considered. _c: An ordinal basic reference space has one first region and one last region. To the regions of an ordinal-basic-reference space, only those operations can be applied that are valid for ordinal scales according to Stevens (1946).The regions of an ordinal reference space do not necessarily have the same extent compared to interval scaled or ratio scaled reference spaces. _c: Examples are the different kinds of taste a human can distinguish. These quality regions are non-atomic cognitively composed quality regions: Sour, sweet, bitter. . _c: A quality space is the mereological sum of all its quality regions (atomic and non-atomic). A quality space provides structure to quality values (quality regions). In other words, a quality space orders quality values and thus is a generic requirement for comparing percepts. The quality space for heights enables human agents to judge that a certain tree is higher than a certain house. A quality space is a generic requirement for assessing similarity between quality values. A quality space has emerging characteristics that its regions do not have. The structure of a quality space can be - basic or composed - linear or radial - cognitively composed or scientifically composed. A quality space can be partitioned by a reference space that imposes a metric to the quality space. Yet since not every quality space has necessarily a reference space that partitions it into a communicable structure, the closure axiom for the partitioned-by relation is not given. _c: The category ROLE is introduced in the DOLCE Lite Plus extension called "extended Situations and Descriptions" . An entity can stop playing a role without loosing its identity. This category is still preliminary, yet is proved necessary for specifying central categories in the context of observation and measurement. We assume that any entity can take the non-rigid property of playing a role in a certain context. DOLCE: “Also known as 'functional role'. A concept that classifies (in particular, it is 'played by') endurants, as used in some description. Roles are the descriptive counterpart of endurants, and, as endurants participate in perdurants, they usually have courses as modal targets (see).The typology of roles is still preliminary”. _c: A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role is played by any region that is part of an interval or a rational reference space. It has its region-length-quality located at the unit of measure and is neither the first nor the grounding region. TODO: add restrictions. Is this the correct place in the taxonomy? --> composed quality? _c: A statistical quality characterizes the quality region of some quality. Variance for example, is a quality of the non-atomic quality region of some non-atomic quality and not the quality of some endurant or perdurant. A statistical quality characterizes indirectly another quality. _c: A distance is dependent on at least two entities. _c: A reference region can play the role of the subtrahend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified. _c: A reference region can play the role of the minuend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified. 2 _c: A composed reference region is constituted by more then one (basic) reference region. It maps on a composed quality region. Currently we distinguish between cognitively composed reference regions and arithmetically composed reference regions. The first type maps on cognitively composed quality spaces such as color. For this type, further work is required to analyze the processes of combining the magnitudes of the basic reference regions into composed reference regions. Arithmetically composed reference regions follow standard arithmetic in order to compose new "values" on the basis of at least two basic "values". This allows to name for example speed or density qualities that are composed according to Newtonian physics. _c: A non-atomic spatio temporal quality region is a quality region at which non-atomic spatio-temporal qualities are located. The notion “non-atomic” indicates that the quality can have multiple values at a time. For the region this means that it has to contain at least two parts that have to be spatio temporal quality regions (either atomic or non atomic). A lake for example can have a depth quality, which has at any time more then one value. Within that non-atomic region one can identify atomic regions at which qualities are located that refine the general lake depth quality, for example a quality for the maximum depth of the lake. This is a quality with a single value in contrast to the multiple values of the general lake depth quality. Any non atomic quality region has a region extension quality. _c: A spatial quality is inherent only in spatial features. This is a rather radical modelling approach since it takes the spatial aspects of physical objects (a cup, a house) and relates these aspects to the physical object via their spatial features they necessarily host. _c: A cognitively composed reference space partitions a composed quality space that is formed by a cognitive process, which cannot be further decomposed. Take as example the composed quality space of colour. The basic quality spaces hue, saturation and brightness are composed in a cognitively adequate way. _c: A three dimensional feature is located in a three dimensional space region. _c: A three-D shape quality characterizes the shape of some entity in three dimensions. A shape quality that has as spatial location quality that is located at a 3D space region. _c: A composed by division reference region is a reference region that is composed by the division of two (or more) basic reference regions. The basic reference regions that compose such a region are necessarily part of a rational basic reference space. A composed-by-division reference region is constituted by reference regions where exactly one reference region plays the role of the divisor and one or more regions play the role of the dividend. DIVIDEND (Dv-Rl) and DIVISOR (Dd-Rl) are, at the current stage, not further specified. _c: An atomic reference region maps perfectly on either an atomic spatio-temporal basic quality region or an atomic abstract quality region. In order to define a unit of measure, a user community agrees on a certain atomic quality region on that an atomic reference region maps perfectly. This region can then be denoted by any symbol. The atomic reference region in turn plays the role of a unit of measure. An atomic reference region cannot have a region-extension-quality, because it can have no parts. Only in the process of agreeing on a unit of measure, an atomic reference region and its atomic quality region are both known. In a practical measurement process an atomic reference region cannot be employed. If this would be possible, "exact" measurement in the sense of determining the absolute physical extent of some quality would be possible, which we assume is not. _c: An atomic spatio temporal quality region accounts for the absolute physical extent (magnitude) of some physical or temporal quality. This magnitude can only be approximated by human senses or a measurement device. These regions make up the most generic quality spaces such as 1D, 2D, and 3D extension, temperature, mass or electrical current. This region IS the absolute extent of the quality, independent of a human observer. A quale in turn, is the atomic region for a human agent. See spatio-temporal quale. An atomic quality region cannot have any parts. _c: This quality involves discrete reference regions. Reference regions are "countable". Only via reference regions average, standard deviation or variance can be calculated. variance = average of the squared deviation. _c: A cognitively composed quality follows some cognitive theory and does reflect who a human agent conceptualize some real world phenomenon. Color for example can be conceptualized according to scientific as well as cognitive theories. _c: A 3D spatial extent quality characterized the three-dimensional spatial extent of some spatial entity. It is located in a three dimensional space region. Probably equivalent with volume TODO: add restriction on "has-quality-location" to atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region _c1: A diameter quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The diameter of a lake is a non-atomic quality since a lake as at any time more than one diameter magnitude. In other words a lake has a magnitude range for its diameter quality. _c: A cognitively composed quality space has as parts cognitively composed quality regions. For example one can consider a certain shade of red as constituted by the atomic regions of the constituting basic qualities (hue, saturation and brightness). This is different from a composed quale, since a quale is a non-atomic quality region. The aspect that an atomic region is constituted might be confusing at the first glance. Yet "atomic" refers to the fact that the magnitude as such is not further dividable. Speed, for example does necessarily involve a distance magnitude and a speed magnitude. These are not parts of the speed magnitude which would emerge as parts when the speed magnitude is divided. 1 _c: A spatial feature is a physical endurant that has exactly one spatial location quality and at least one spatial extent quality. A spatial feature is specifically dependent on its host. For example, an apple hosts the spatial feature apple surface. The surface is specifically dependent on the existence of this apple. _c: The role of being the last-non-atomic-reference-region in a reference space is necessarily played by a non-atomic-reference-region. Only ordinal-scaled reference spaces can have last reference regions. _c: A basic reference space partitions a quality space that is constituted by a single quality dimension. _c: Any regular reference region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore any regular reference region has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the last atomic region in that regular region. --> not in FOL characterization! _c: A "quality role" can be played only by a quality. We are aware of the awkward name, yet we stick to the naming convention of extending the super-category’s name (see beginning of appendix). A spatial extent quality is a quality which characterizes the spatial extent of an entity. The most important characteristic of a spatial extent quality is that it has a spatial extent quality has itself a spatial location quality. A spatial extent quality is inherent in a spatial feature fp: A diameter quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. The diameter of a perfect circle is atomic. Atomic refers to the extent of the region, not to its location in the quality space. An ellipse has a non-atomic diameter quality. In other words it diameter quality is characterized by a value range. _c: At this stage of the ontology development, only atomic spatial extent qualities can play quantile roles. If an atomic quality entertains a refines relation to a non atomic region quality, then it is assured that there are other qualities of the same type and that the magnitudes of these qualities can be compared. Only in such a case, minimality, maximality or any other percentile can be determined. We refer to the example of lake depth given in chapter 6. At the moment the quantile quality role is restricted to atomic 1D and 2D spatial qualities, yet it might also apply to other physical qualities. TODO: Add restrictions to distinguish cognitive quality spaces from scientific quality spaces _c: A quality space with more then one quality dimensions. The composition of the quality dimensions follows some scientific theory. In most cases, arithemtics are applied. The regions of an arithmetically compose quality space can be compared quantitatively. The possibility of quantitatively comparing quality regions is equivalent with the possibility to rearrange the quality regions on a single dimension. Expressing the possibility of rearranging a composed quality space as one-dimensional space requires further work. The possible rearrangement is a central distinguishing characteristic from cognitively composed quality spaces, where the constituting dimensions are not substitutable. _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by multiplication. _c: A region role is a role that can only be played by regions. _c1: Features that extent in three dimensions have a physical location at a 3D physical space region. This region in turn is located in absolute physical space. Only three dimensional spatial location qualities can be located at three dimensional space regions. fp: the notion "atomic-region" in the name indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region in a quality space. In other words, this quality does have at any time at most one "value". E.g. the length of an edge. In contrast the depth of a lake has infinit values at a time. Thus it is located at an non-atomic region in its quality space. _c: A basic quality is a quality that is not composed by other qualities. For example, mass, length or temperature. _c: A non-boundary quality space has no origin, this is, it has no atomic quality region that plays the role of being the first or smallest magnitude. See comment on linear spatio temporal basic quality space. _c: A 3D spatial location quality is necessarily located at a three dimensional physical space region. A feature that is not part of its host, like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree. _c: A non-boundary quality space has no origin. It is not possible to identify neither the first atomic region in such a quality space nor a last-atomic region (see roles of atomic regions for more details). Quality regions cannot be ordered with respect to their magnitude. For example, absolute time is a non-boundary quality space. More work is needed on this category. In this definition, the has-indirect-property relation is used. It employs the binary predicates has-part and plays-role as variables. It is considered syntactic sugar, since such statements are not full-fledged second-order statements, since they can be given in first-order statements too, as shown below. _c: A composed by addition reference region is a reference region that is composed by adding two (or more) reference regions. The composing basic reference regions are part of a (rational or interval) – (linear or radial) basic-reference spaces. The reference regions that are constituting a composed-by-addition-reference region must be part of a rational reference space or an interval reference space. The role summand (Sm-Rl) is, at the current stage, not further specified. 2 _c: Only one dimensional (basic) physical or temporal qualities can be located at basic spatio temporal quality spaces. Temporal and physical qualities are directly perceivable (either via the human senses or via physical measurement devices.) thus spatio temporal basic quality spaces structure the most basic, directly perceivable qualities. _c: Any first-non-atomic-reference-region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore it has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the last atomic region in that first reference region of the reference space. --> not in FOL characterization! _c: A quality space can have two borders. Strictly speaking, such spaces are sub-spaces of some generic space. A quality, e.g. color can have a sub-space, e.g. redness-space. If redness is understood as a quality itself, all its values are located in a redness-space that is part of the generic color space. However, it often seems useful to specify qualities that restrict the quality space at which they can be located at. _c: At this stage of the ontology development, only an atomic spatial extent quality can play a median quality role. This role is played in relation to a refined non-atomic spatial extent quality in whose non-atomic quality region the atomic quality region that plays this role is a part of. TODO: Add restrictions to distinguish cognitive quality spaces from scientific quality spaces _c: A cognitively composed quality space is a quality space with more then one quality dimension. The composition of the quality dimensions follows some cognitive theory. The double cone for color is an example for a cognitively constructed quality space. Quality regions in a cognitively composed quality space cannot be compared quantitatively. Green is not more then red or less then black. Yet, a cognitively composed quality space allows to establish a similarity assessment between quality regions. A region is more similar to a region located close by then to a distant quality region. This category requires further work.. fp: this category does need mayor revision. An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence. _c: A quality that is located at a two-dimensional physical space region. A 2D quality (e.g. area) can be conceptualized to inhere in 3D spatial feature. This results in a non-atomic quality regions at a time since the location of the 2D quality can not be clearly identified. _c: A two-D shape quality characterizes the shape of some entity in three dimensions. A shape quality that has as spatial location quality that is located at a 2D space region. Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality). _c: In contrast to cognitively composed quality regions, the composition of arithmetically composed quality regions follows arithemtics. In physics, many qualities are quantified via ratios and multiplication of basic qualities, for example, density, speed or acceleration. The main difference to cognitively composed quality regions is that arithmetically composed quality regions can be ordered along a single dimension. _c: Non-physical endurants and abstract entities can have abstract basic qualities. A central as well as a difficult characteristic of an abstract quality is that it can be located in a basic abstract region or in a basic spatio-temporal region. Different to the original DOLCE category, an abstract basic quality that inheres in an abstract entity (a reference region for example) can be located in a spatio-temporal quality region. This change allows to a "region extension quality" (an abstract quality) to be located in the same quality space as the quality regions it characterizes. For example, a length quality (spatio temporal quality) is located at a non-atomic quality region in a spatio-temporal quality space. This region (an abstract entity) has a region extension quality (an abstract quality). Yet this region extension quality should be located at a region in the spatio temporal quality space of the length quality. AKA 'entity'.Any individual in the DOLCE domain of discourse. The extensional coverage of DOLCE is as large as possible, since it ranges on 'possibilia', i.e all possible individuals that can be postulated by means of DOLCE axioms. Possibilia include physical objects, substances, processes, qualities, conceptual regions, non-physical objects, collections and even arbitrary sums of objects.The class 'particular' features a covering partition that includes: endurant, perdurant, quality, and abstract. There are also some subclasses defined as unions of subclasses of 'particular' for special purposes: spatio-temporal-particular (any particular except abstracts)- physical-realization (any realization of an information object, defined in the ExtendedDnS ontology). _c: A temporal quality is inherent in a perdurant and is located in a temporal quality region. A temporal quality can inhere only in perdurants. _c: A spatio temporal quality is inherent in either an physical endurant or a perdurant. We introduce this subcategory of basic quality to separate qualities that can be directly perceived or measured with physical measurement devices from those qualities that can not be perceived or measured directly. A region at which only arithmetically composed qualities can be located, yet which accounts for multiple atomic-arithmetically-composed quality regions. The constituting quality regions must be non atomic. For example, non-atomic quality regions in a quality space for speed might be labeled /slow/ or /fast/. The "size" of the non-atomic quality region depends on the context in which the speed observation is performed. This context is reflected in how the sizes of the regions are chosen.. _c: A 2D spatial location quality is necessarily located at a two dimensional physical space region. _c: A physical object has physical qualities or composed qualities. Any physical object has a spatial feature as part. Via its spatial features, a physical object has indirectly a spatial location quality. fp:_--> not in FOL characterization! _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by addition. _c: A width quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The width of a river is a non-atomic quality since a river has at any time more than one width magnitude. In other words a river has a magnitude range for its width quality. _c: "DOLCE: Qualities can be seen as the basic entities we can perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells, as well as weights, lengths, electrical charges. 'Quality' is often used as a synonym of 'property', but this is not the case in this upper ontology: qualities are particulars, properties are universals. Qualities inhere to entities (particulars (PT)): every entity (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the entity exists." The DOLCE definition given above seems to account only for unary qualities, but not for relational qualities such as directions, distances or intensity. We extent the original DOLCE category by two generic sub-categories: unary-qualities and relational-qualities. _c: A reference region role can only be played by a reference region. A reference region maps on or approximates a quality region. A unit of measure is, for example, a role that an atomic-reference region can play that maps on a conventionally agreed upon quality region. _c: For example: A reference space composed by division takes the regions of two basic reference spaces and divides their "values". The result: Two values are merged to a single value. An arithmetically composed reference space can be represented as a one-dimensional space. In a (linear) one-dimensional space, any region is comparable to any other region in terms of "more or less". This is often not the case in cognitively composed quality spaces like color. Light green is not more than saturated yellow. An arithmetically composed quality region partitions arithmetically composed quality regions. fp:_ --> not in FOL characterization! _c: From an ontological perspective, it is important to note that abstract quale and absolute-atomic-abstract-region are identical. Since an abstract space is based on conventions, its smallest regions are also subject to conventions. This is the central difference to a spatio-temporal-quale. Here the absolute-atomic-spatio-temporal-region is not subject to conventions, it is part of physical reality. A spatio-temporal quale is a non-atomic spatio-temporal quality region. In turn, an abstract quale is an atomic abstract region. ME: A spatial feature that is located in a one-dimensional-space-region. A physical endurant is an endurant that has physical or composed qualities. Subcategories of PHYSICAL ENDURANT are PHYSICAL OBJECT, AMOUNT OF MATTER and FEATURE. For the full axiomatization we refer to (Masolo, Borgo, Gangemi et al. 2003). _c: A reference region can play the role of the subtrahend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified. _c: A relational quality relates two entities to each other. E.g. a direction or distance. This category requires further investigation. Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings.In general, states differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a state of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a state-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical states under 'state', e.g. 'turgor', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive turgor states, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).If we want to consider all the aspects of a process together, we need to postulate a unifying descriptive set of criteria (i.e. a 'description'), according to which that process is circumstantiated in a 'situation'. The different aspects will arise as a parts of a same situation. _c: When attempting to characterize quality regions, a central question is how to determine the "size" of a quality region. In other words, what is the "extent" of the region in the quality space? Since we characterize a unit of measure via the grounds relation to an atomic quality region, we can now specify that the region extension quality is located at the quality region that grounds the atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of being the unit of measure (of the semantic reference space under investigation). Besides non-atomic quality regions also non-atomic reference regions can have a region extension quality. An important aspect, vital to any measurement based on rational scales, is that non-atomic reference regions can be defined by having a region extension quality that is indirectly located at the unit of measure. This allows specifying that the marks on a ruler have always the same spacing or, in other words, the region between two marks have the same "extent". _c: This quality involves discrete reference regions. Reference regions are "countable". Only via reference regions average, standard deviation or variance can be calculated. _c: The role of being the first-non-atomic-reference-region in a reference space is necessarily played by a non-atomic-reference-region. _c: OBSERVATION is a sub-category of the DOLCE category ACCOMPLISHMENT which in turn is a sub-category of EVENT. In this sense, the accomplishment of observing some quality creates an observation result. An observation and the created observation result are two distinct entities. An observation observes a quality. Central to this process is the identification of a reference region that partitions some quality region in the quality space in which the observed quality is located. _c1: A height quality with a more then one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The height of a house is a non-atomic quality since a house has at any time more than one depth magnitude. In other words a lake has a magnitude range for its depth quality. _c: All reference regions that are practically applicable in an observation or measurement process are necessarily "non-atomic" reference regions. We introduce the notion of non atomic-reference region in order to manage the gap between physical magnitude and communicable information object. This gap is also known as symbol grounding problem. The non-atomic reference region is finally used to name any atomic quality region. A non-atomic reference region has at least two parts, otherwise it would be atomic. A non-atomic reference region must have a region extension quality, since it extends within a reference space. Further, the atomic reference regions that are part of a non-atomic reference region can play roles such as first-atomic reference region or last atomic reference region in the non-atomic reference region.. _c: A non atomic reference region role has to be played by one non atomic reference region. Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings. In general, processes differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion. On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a process of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation. Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a process-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical processes under 'process', e.g. 'organic process', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive organic processes, these will be put under 'situation'. Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE. A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another). In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality). If we want to consider all the aspects of a process together, we need to postulate a unifying descriptive set of criteria (i.e. a 'description'), according to which that process is circumstantiated in a 'situation'. The different aspects will arise as a parts of a same situation. _c: This quality involves discrete reference regions. Reference regions are "countable". Only via reference regions average, standard deviation or variance can be calculated. _c: An interval basic reference space is a basic reference space that allows operations on its reference regions that are valid for interval scales according to Stevens (1946). Every interval reference space has as part two grounding magnitudes. These ground two atomic reference regions in the semantic reference space. This allows to establish interval scales on non-boundary quality spaces. Take for example temperature. When an interval scale is applied, a conceptualization of temperature in a non-boundary quality space is possible. The two grounding magnitudes, e.g. boiling and freezing water allow establishing reference regions with equal size. For example, having a thermometer where the spaces between the marks on the scale are not equal is not useful. fp: A length quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. The length of a table edge is atomic. Atomic refers to the extent of the region. dol: A mathematical set. fp: A role that can be played by an endurant. _c: A distance is dependent on at least two entities. _c: From an ontological perspective it is important to note that abstract quale and absolute-atomic- abstract-basic-quality-region are identical. Since an abstract space is based on conventions, its smallest regions are also subject to conventions. This is the central difference to a spatio-temporal-quale. Here the absolute-atomic-spatio-temporal-region is not subject to conventions, it is part of physical reality. _c: SYMBOL, WORD or SIGN are sub-categories of information object. Only information objects can denote other particulars. (Entity is seen as particular. DOLCE uses PARTICULAR (PT) as top category.) INFORMATION OBJECT is a sub-category of the DOLCE category NON-AGENTIVE SOCIAL OBJECT (NA-SO). _c: A region is an abstract entity. Regions in the typical geographic sense are special cases of the category REGION introduced in this ontology. A region directly stands for the extent, or value, of some quality. Understanding a region as location of a quality is equivalent to assigning a magnitude to that quality. All atomic regions (or precisely, the mereological sum of all regions) that are associated to the same quality type form a quality space. For example, the weight of a certain apple is considered to be an atomic region in a quality space for weight. The qualities of regions are <i>region abstract qualities</i>. dolce: We distinguish between a quality (e.g., the color of a specific rose), and its value (e.g., a particular shade of red). The latter is called quale, and describes the position of an individual quality within a certain conceptual space (called here quality space) Gardenfors (2000). So when we say that two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale. _c: Diversity can be modelled as the number of different entities “occurring” in a certain setting. For example, a river segment has a high current-diversity, if different current types occur often. This is different to the statistical quality variance. More work is required on this category. Diversity can be modeled as relational quality between the region of a non-atomic-quale-quality and its "significant value clusters" (= number of significant changes). Significance is context dependent. Just a large value range for a quality does not justice to the notion of diversity. For example, if a river segment has many different values for its depth quality then high depth diversity can not be concluded. Compare a river segment that continually increases depth with one where the depth varies within the same range several times. The depth range of both segments is identical, the depth diversity is not. _c: A quality that inheres in a 3D spatial feature. A non-atomic quality has more the one magnitude at a time. In other words, the quality is located at a non-atomic quality region. For example, if a cross-profile-area-quality is conceptualized to inhere in a 3D water body, the quality has, at any time, a magnitude range. Many area qualitites belong to this quality type. _c: A one-D shape quality characterizes the shape of some entity in one dimensions. A shape quality that has as spatial location quality that is located at a 1D space region. _c: A spatial location quality is an essential quality for any physical endurant. Put bluntly, any physical object is in physical space, thus it has a spatial location quality. _c: A basic reference region (one-dimensional reference region) maps on a quality region in a one-dimensional quality space. In contrast composed reference regions map on quality-regions in composed quality spaces. _c1: Absolute physical space takes a special position in the ontology. At this stage, we classify physical space as cognitively composed quality space. We distinguish three types of physical space regions: 1D, 2D and 3D space regions. How a 3D space region is cognitively distinct from a 2D and a 1D space is currently not specified. What is commonly referred to a point can be seen as 3D or 2D or 1D extension-less space region. In this sense, three different kinds of "points" exist. 2 _c: A composed by subtraction reference region is a reference region that is composed by subtracting basic reference regions. The composing basic reference regions are part of a rational or interval basic-reference spaces. MINUEND (Mi-Rl) and SUBTRAHEND (Sb-Rl) are, at the current stage, not further specified. _c: At this stage of the ontology development, only an atomic spatial extent quality can play a minimum quality role. The role-playing quality’s atomic quality region is itself playing the role of being the first region in this non-atomic quality region. See the characterization of first atomic quality region role (FAQR-Rl). ME: A spatial feature that is located in a one-dimensional-space-region. 2 _c: A composed by multiplication reference region is a reference region that is composed by multiplying two (or more) basic reference regions. The composing basic reference regions are necessarily part of a rational-linear-basic-reference space. FACTOR (Fa-Rl) is, at the current stage, not further specified. The main characteristic of endurants is that all of them are independent essential wholes. This does not mean that the corresponding property (being an endurant) carries proper unity, since there is no common unity criterion for endurants. Endurants can 'genuinely' change in time, in the sense that the very same endurant as a whole can have incompatible properties at different times. To see this, suppose that an endurant - say 'this paper' - has a property at a time t 'it's white', and a different, incompatible property at time t' 'it's yellow': in both cases we refer to the whole object, without picking up any particular part of it. Within endurants, we distinguish between physical and non-physical endurants, according to whether they have direct spatial qualities. Within physical endurants, we distinguish between amounts of matter, objects, and features. _c: The purpose of an observation (accomplishment) is to assign a symbol to a magnitude that characterizes some quality. This is achieved by identifying a reference region on a non-atomic quality region (magnitude range) of which the atomic quality region (of the observed quality) is a part of. The reference region has a symbol assigned to it (Only symbols can be communicated). A reference region can play the role of being an observation result. Since a reference region can exist without ever being used as observation result, the category OBSERVATION RESULT cannot be modelled in a taxonomic relation to REFERENCE REGION. A reference region can play the role of being an observation result. _c:The absolute physical extent of some arithmetically composed quality is located at an atomic arithmetically composed quality region. "Atomic" refers to the fact, that the region is the absolute extent. Composed refers to the fact, that at least two basic quality region are involved in composing that region. For example, the density quality of pure platinum is located at an atomic arithmetically composed quality region. The constituting quality regions must be atomic. _c: A basic quality region is a region located in a one-dimensional quality space. A quality region is understood as the magnitude a quality can have. For example, a particular temperature-, spatial extension-, mass-, or volume magnitude. A basic quality region can constitute composed quality regions. A basic quality region can only be part of basic quality spaces or other basic quality regions. _c: A reference region can play the role of the divisor when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified. 2 _c: A composed quality region is constituted by more then one quality region. The constituting basic quality regions can be spatio-temporal (perceivable) or abstract (non-perceivable). A composed quality region locates only composed qualities. Formerly known as description. A unitary endurant with no mass (non-physical), generically constantly depending on some agent, on some communication act, and indirectly on some agent participating in that act. Both descriptions (in the now current sense) and concepts are non-physical objects. _c: DOLCE: The main characteristic of abstract entities is that they do not have spatial nor temporal qualities, and they are not qualities themselves. We follow this definition abstract entity yet we allowing abstract qualities to be located in abstract as well as in spatio-temporal quality regions. This is required to state that a reference region has a region-extension-quality (“How big is the basic reference region?”). A region-extension-quality is an abstract quality, yet it is located at a spatio-temporal quality region. This change allows the grounding of units of measures in physical quantities. _c1: A depth quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The depth of a lake is a non-atomic quality since a lake as at any time more than one depth magnitude. In other words a lake has a magnitude range for its depth quality. fp: revise _c: A non-atomic quality region has an atomic quality region as part. Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space. _c: Any particular can play a role. _c: (inverse) A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that plays the role of being the first reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL) _c: A reference region can play a reference region role. _c: An atomic region quality can play the role of a median quality. The median quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the median depth quality. _c: (inverse) A composed quality region is constituted by basic quality regions. _c: A basic quality can constitute a composed quality. Having an atom as part at a time t. _c: If a feature is part of another feature, then the feature is a lower dimensional part of the other spatial feature. Spatial features have only spatial features as parts. TODO: was FO-relation _c: A composed reference region can be composed by multiplication. The regions that play the role of the factors are related via the has-FO-factor relation. _c: The original relation was "dol:has-generic-constituent". Yet this wording indicates that the range is a constituent, which in turn is a role some particular can play. What we intent to say is that some particular is constituted by some other particular. fp:The last reference region role is played by a non-atomic reference region _c: (inverse) If something can not be determined exactly, one can attempt to approximate it. The approximates-relation relates two entity where one entity serves as approximation of the other. _c:A quality space is partitoned by a reference region. fp: the first non-atomic reference region role is played by a non-atomic reference region. _c: (inverse) A composed quality space is constituted by either abstract-basic quality spaces or spatio-temporal-basic-quality-spaces. Whether combinations of both basic types are possible is debatable. _c: The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). The non-atomic reference region that plays a certain role can have parts that in turn play also a certain role. In this case, a non-atomic reference region that plays, for example, the role of being the grounding reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the median atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: A non-atomic-reference region or a composed-reference-region can play the role of an observation result. (inverse) The observation result role can be played by an non-atomic-reference region as well as by a composed reference region. Reference regions exist as such. If, during an observation accomplishment, a reference region is identified as approximating the atomic quality region of the observed quality best, then this region plays the role of the observation result. 'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents. Being part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. In FOL, this is expressed as a ternary relation, but in DLs we only can reason with binary relations, then only the necessary axiom of compresence is represented here. A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation. _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the last atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) The dependence on an individual of a given type at some time. This is traditionally a relation between particulars and universals, but this one states that x generically depends on y if a z different from y, but with the same properties, can be equivalently its depend-on.This is a temporally-indexed relation (embedded in this syntax). fp: A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that in turn plays the role of being the last non-atomic reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: An Observation observes a quality. Virtually, only qualities are observable entities. fp:Regular region role is played by non-atomic reference region _c: A role can be played by any particular. _c: A reference space has as part a reference region. _c: Abstract and physical entities can not have roles as parts. However, they can have parts that play a certain role. We intent to express that a certain entity has another entity as part which plays a certain role. For example, any reference space has as part a non-atomic region that plays the role of a grounding region. It would not be correct to state that a reference space has as part a grounding region, since a reference space can not have roles as parts. In order to express this, we introduce the has-FO-part (FO = first order). Since first order statements are not possible in OWL we rely on this auxiliary relation to indicate the need for more expressivity. Ontologically, it is not correct to state that some role is part of some particular. This relation (and its sub-relations) are intended to mean that the entity that plays the role is part of the entity that entertains this relation. TODO: was has-FO-part-role (FO-relation) _c: A reference space (RS) that has a non-atomic-reference –region (NA_RR) as part that plays the role of being the first non-atomic reference region in that reference space (FNARR_IRS-Rl). (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: (inverse) A role itself can play a role. For example a person plays the role of a student, and that student in turn plays the role of a student-representative. (This relation could also be extended to role-plays-FO-role to indicate that an entity that plays a role does also play another role und thus serve as "short-cut".) _c: Abstract and physical entities can not have roles as parts. However, they can have parts that play a certain role. We intent to express that a certain entity has another entity as part which plays a certain role. For example, any reference space has a part a non-atomic region that plays the role of a grounding region. It would not be correct to state that a reference space has as part a grounding region, since a reference space can not have roles as parts. In order to express this, we introduce the has-FO-part (FO = first order). Since first order statements are not possible in OWL we rely on this auxiliary relation to indicate the need for more expressivity. Ontologically, it is not correct to state that some role is part of some particular. This relation (and its sub-relations) are intended to mean that the entity that plays the role is part of the entity that entertains this relation. _c: (inverse) A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that plays the role of being a regular reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL) _c: A relational quality is a quality that relates two or more particulars to each other. Direction for example is a relational-quality that emerges when some object moves relative to some other object. A relational moment requires at least two other particulars to be present. _c: (inverse) An atomic region quality can play the role of a maximum quality. The maximum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the maximum depth quality. _c: A quality can play a role. For example, from the many depth qualities a lake entertains, a certain depth quality plays the role of the maximum depth quality. The quality as such keeps its identity, while another depth quality could take over the role of playing the maximum depth quality. For this reason, maximal-lake-depth is a role and not a sub-category of lake depth quality. _c: A composed quality is constituted by basic qualities. A composed (mediated) relation used here to make relations 'temporary': by adding it as a superrelation, the effect is that the two related endurants cannot be present at all the same time intervals, but are compresent at least at some time interval (see related axiom).In FOL, the same constraint can be stated directly by coreference.This workaround can be used to index time of relations that involve reciprocal dependency, but it cannot be used in general with relations involving multiple strata of reality. For example, _about_ relation can be temporally indexed, without involving that the time of the information object overlaps with the time of the entity the information is about (but this works for e.g. the _realizes_ relation between information objects and entities whatsoever). The different temporal constraints of about vs. expresses probably derive from the dependency of aboutness from conception (to be about x, an information object should also express a description d that is satisfied by a situation including x, then temporal overlapping of _about_ is true in virtue of d). On the other hand, even conceives cannot be indexed in this way, because overlapping does not hold between the time og the conceiving agent, and the conceived description (or situation). _c: An entity that plays a certain role can have as part another entity that also plays a role. This relation is a “short cut” establishing part-of relations between entities via the roles they play. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) TODO: was role-has-FO-part-role (FO-relation) _c: An atomic reference region maps perfectly on an atomic (spatio-temporal or abstract) quality region. This relation marks the transition from "real world" qualities to social objects. This relation "hides" the symbol grounding problem. The atomic reference regions are non-communicable in the same way as the absolute atomic quality regions are non-communicable. But this relations establishes a 1:n relation between the real world quantity and the entities used to communicate about them. There are many different atomic reference regions which map perfectly on an atomic quality region. _c: This relation holds between an information object and a region-role. However it is intended to indicate that the information object denotes the entity that plays the region-role. For example, an information object denotes the reference region that plays the role of a unit of measure. _c: An endurant can play a role. For example, a lake can play the role of a recreation area. Recreation area is an entity that does only exist as long as the lake is used in a certain way. _c: An information object (a word or symbol) denotes a particular. Compare to the relation “denotes-FO”. _c: A region role can only be played by regions. The constant dependence between two individuals. Taken here as primitive. _c: A non-atomic-reference-region has an atomic-reference-region as part. fp: The unit of measure role is played by an atomic reference region. Note that an atomic reference region mapps perfecly either on an abstract atomic quality region or a spatio-temporal atomic quality region. These are the quantities on which a community agreed when defining a unit of measure. Only some parts of the perdurant p have a participant e.In fact, participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').Implicitly, this relation has a temporal indexing.If needed, in OWL one can derive such indexing by expliciting what parts of p have e as _constant_ participant.An appropriate OWL axiom is created to bind this relation to a proper part of it, which has the temporary-participant as a constant one. _c: (inverse) A non-atomic abstract quality region has as part an atomic abstract quality region. Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space. _c: A reference space (RS) that has a non-atomic-reference-region (NA_RR) as part that plays the role of being a regular non-atomic reference region in that reference space (RNARR_IRS-Rl). (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) x participates in some of y's parts. The perdurant p has a participant e that constantly participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where the concert is a solo concert). _c: A role itself can play a role. For example a person plays the role of a student, and that student in turn plays the role of a student-representative. (This relation could also be extended to role-plays-FO-role to indicate that an entity that plays a role does also play another role und thus serve as "short-cut".) fp: In the strict sense of our FOIS 2006 paper on spatial dimensionality of qualities, only spatial features and spatial extent qualities can have spatial location quality. Here we relax this to allow also physical endurants to have spatial location qualities. A composed reference region can be composed by division. The regions that play the role of the dividend are related via the has-indirect-dividend relation to the composed reference region. In a composed reference space where the regions are created by dividing the values of the constituting regions, a composed region has exactly one "has-divisor" relation to a relational-basic-reference-region and exactly one "has-dividend" relation to an relational-basic-reference-region. _c: An atomic reference region is grounded by an atomic (spatio-temporal or abstract) quality region. This relation marks the transition from "real world" qualities to social objects. This relation "hides" the symbol grounding problem. The atomic reference regions are non-communicable in the same way as the absolute atomic quality regions are non-communicable. But this relations establishes a 1:n relation between the real world quantity and the entities used to communicate about them. There are many different atomic reference regions which map perfectly on an atomic quality region. _c: A composed quality region is constituted by basic quality regions. A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation. _c: A quality is located in a quality region of a quality space. In other words the "value" of the quality is a quality region. From this follows, that the absolute "value" of some quality is an atomic region (aka: a point in the quality space). Since human senses and mechanical measurement devices are not able to determine this absolute extent or value of some quality, we identify a non-atomic region from which we know that the absolute “value” (the atomic quality region) is contained within. We distinguish between non-atomic quality regions and atomic quality regions. If a quality is conceptualized to be located at an atomic quality region, then the quality has one exact “value”. If the quality is conceptualized to be located at a non-atomic region, the quality does entertain a value range. . _c: An atomic region quality can play the role of a maximum quality. The maximum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the maximum depth quality. _c: For example, a feature is hosted by some physical object. The difference to “part-of” is based on the specific constant dependence that exists between an hosted entity and the hosting entity. _c: A reference space has as part a reference region. _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the median atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: A reference region role is played-by a reference region. _c: A quality region can play a quality region role. For example, playing the role of the first-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role in a quality space. _c: (inverse) An entity that plays a certain role can have as part another entity that also plays a role. This relation is a “short cut” establishing part-of relations between entities via the roles they play. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) fp: an atomic-region-quality and its non-atomic-region-quality are related via the atomic-region-quality-of relation. For example: A median-riverbed-depth quality is an atomic region quality of the non-atomic-region-quality riverbed depth. TODO: clarify _c: A non-atomic-region-quality and a atomic-region-qualities can be related via the has-quality-refinement relation if the feature in which the non-atomic-region-quality in inherent in has the feature of the atomic-region-quality as part. For example, a non-atomic-lake-depth is inherent in a water body. An atomic-lake-depth-quality is inherent in a vertical edge feature. If the edge feature is a part of the water-body, then the atomic-lake-depth-quality is a quality refinement of the non-atomic-lake-depth quality. Mereological overlap: having a common part. A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation. Composed relation cannot be directly expressed in OWL-DL, then (at least some) compositions are expressed as class or restriction axioms. _c: (inverse) An atomic region quality can play the role of a minimum quality. The minimum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the minimum depth quality. Mereological sibling: having a common whole TODO: clarify _c: (inverse) A non-atomic spatio-temporal quality region has as part an atomic spatio-temporal quality region. The immediate relation holding between endurants and perdurants (e.g. in 'the car is running').Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').A 'functional' participant is specialized for those forms of participation that depend on the nature of participants, processes, or on the intentionality of agentive participants. Traditional 'thematic role' should be mapped to functional participation.For relations holding between participants in a same perdurant, see the co-participates relation. _c: An observation is an accomplishment that creates an observation result. Strictly, one part of such an accomplishment is the creation of an observation result. Yet the creation of an observation result is the only purpose of performing an observation. TODO:reintroduce has-quality-location as sub-property TODO: reintroduce has-quale _c: A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role can be played by any non-atomic reference region that plays neither the first reference region nor the grounding region. TODO: clarify. Restrict to qualia The part relation between a particular and an atom. A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation. _c: (inverse) A relational quality is a quality that relates two or more particulars to each other. Direction for example is a relational-quality that emerges when some object moves relative to some other object. A relational moment requires at least two other particulars to be present. _c: A reference space has as part a reference region. _c: The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). The non-atomic reference region that plays a certain role can have parts that in turn play also a certain role. In this case, a non-atomic reference region that plays, for example, the role of being the grounding reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the first atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) Anytime x is present, x has participant y. In other words, all parts of x have a same participant.Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president'). _c: The relation has-location relates a quality and its quality region (aka quantity). The relation has-indirect-quality-location relates a region extension quality (RE-Q) to the role that is played by the atomic reference region (A-RR) that in turn maps perfectly on the atomic quality region (A-QR) of the region extension quality. In this case, the role that is played by the atomic reference region is a unit of measure. The special characteristic of a region-extension-quality is that its quantity is the conventionally agreed quantity of a unit of measure. In other words, the “value” of a region-extension-quality is always agreed on by convention and thus can be represented by an atomic reference region. In other words, a region-extension quality is an abstract quality that characterizes the extension (the “width”) of a reference region. This quality is reflected for example in the distance of two marks on a ruler. An extension quality is located in either an atomic-abstract-quality-region or an atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region. These are perfectly mapped by an atomic reference region which in turn plays the unit of measure. TODO: was FO-relation _c: A non-atomic abstract quality region has as part an atomic abstract quality region. . Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space. _c: A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role can be played by any non-atomic reference region that plays neither the first reference region nor the grounding region. _c: (inverse) A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that plays the role of being a grounding reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) fp: A quality space has quality regions as parts. These regions are the (direct) quality locations of qualities. The quality space is the indirect quality loacation of qualities. This sttement can not be given fully in OWL. _c: An atomic reference region can play the role of a last reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The last atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the last region. Bing the last region is not a rigid property, thus last reference region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region but requires a relation via a role. _c: An atomic reference region can play the role of the median atomic reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The median atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the median region. Being the median region is not a rigid property, thus median region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region. The immediate relation holding for features and entities. _c: (inverse) A quality region can play a quality region role. For example, playing the role of the first-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role in a quality space. _c: (inverse) A non-atomic quality region has an atomic quality region as part. Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space. _c: A non-atomic reference region can play the role of the last non-atomic region in a reference space. This role is only played by regions forming an ordinal reference space. . _c: (inverse) This is a relation between a quality space and a role. The role of being the first quality region in a space is played by an atomic quality region. The intended meaning of the relation is that a quality space has as part an atomic quality region that in turn plays the role of being the first region in the quality space. The basic connection, not requiring a common boundary. _c: A composed reference region can be composed by division. The regions that play the role of the divisor are related via the has-FO-divisor relation to the composed reference region. In a composed reference space where the regions are created by dividing the values of the constituting regions, a composed regions has exactly one "has-divisor" relation to a relational-basic-reference-region and exactly one "has-dividend" relation to an relational-basic-reference-region. TODO: was FO-relation Being proper part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model proper parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. _c: (inverse) The original relation was "dol:has-generic-constituent". Yet this wording indicates that the range is a constituent, which in turn is a role some particular can play. What we intent to say is that some particular is constituted by some other particular. fp: the is-indirect-quality-location-of has a quality as range. This allows to state that the region that is playing that role is the quality location of some quality. Note that OWL does not provide enough expressivity to state this relation properly. fp: An endurant can be a consituting part of some other endurant. _c: This relation indicates that an atomic reference region plays some atomic-reference-region role (median-atomic-region-role or first-atomic-region-role or last-atomic-region-role) and that it also plays the role of the unit of measurement. _c: A composed reference region can be composed by subtraction. The regions that play the role of the subtrahend are related via the has-FO-subtrahend relation to the composed reference region. TODO: was FO-relation TODO: rewrite comment _c: A quality space can have an atomic abstract quality region as part that plays the role of being the first atomic region in that quality space. The quality space and the role of being the first atomic region are related via the relationa qs_has-indirect-part_faqr-role. This relation applies for the following sub-categories of quality space: One border abstract quality space (OBAB-QS), two border abstract quality space TBAB-QS, one border spatio temporal quality space (ONST-QS), two border spatio temporal quality space (TBST-QS). The roles of being the first region in the quality spaces are first-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region-role (FASTQR-Rl) and first-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role (FAAQR-R). Having the same parts at time t. The perdurant p has a participant e that temporarily participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where I actually played just an ouverture).See also 'temporary-participant'. TODO: restrict the type of reference space. Not all reference spaces do have a last reference region. fp: A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that in turn plays the role of being the last non-atomic reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: (inverse) An atomic region quality can play the role of a median quality. The median quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the median depth quality. _c: (inverse) The role of being the last quality region in a space is played by an atomic quality region. The intended meaning of the relation is that a quality space has as part an atomic quality region that in turn plays the role of being the last region in the quality space. By strong connection here we mean a connection between two entities that share a boundary. _c: A feature has a spatial feature as part. More work is required to clarify the part-of relations between the different kinds of features. _c: The observation result role can be played by an non-atomic-reference region as well as by a composed reference region. Reference regions exist as such. If, during an observation accomplishment, a reference region is identified as approximating the atomic quality region of the observed quality best, then this region plays the role of the observation result. _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the first atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: A composed reference region is constituted by basic reference regions. _c: A region can play a role. The immediate relation holding for qualities and regions. _c: A non-atomic spatio-temporal quality region has as part an atomic spatio-temporal quality region. _c: A composed quality space is constituted by either abstract-basic quality spaces or spatio-temporal-basic-quality-spaces. Whether combinations of both basic types are possible is debatable. A boundary here is taken to be a part (mereological treatment). Consequently, in the case of endurants, (reified) boundaries are features. _c: A reference space partitiones a quality space _c: A reference space (RS) that has a non-atomic-reference –region (NA-RR) as part that plays the role of being a grounding region in that reference space (GR-IRS-Rl). (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: (inverse) This relation indicates that an atomic reference region plays some atomic-reference-region role (median-atomic-region-role or first-atomic-region-role or last-atomic-region-role) and that it also plays the role of the unit of measurement. fp: This relation intents to state that an atomic region that plays the role of a unit of measure is part of a grounding reference region. (More expressivity is needed) _c: (inverse) A reference space has some entity as part that plays a certain role. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL) _c: A grounding region plays the role of a non-atomic-reference-region. (inverse) A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role can be played by any non-atomic reference region that plays neither the first reference region nor the grounding region. _c: A reference space (RS) has some reference region (RR) as part. This reference region in turn plays a certain role. The relation re_has-indirect-part_role relates a reference space directly with a role one of its regions is playing. See the relations sub-relations for further specification. This statement can notbe fully given in OWL. _c: (inverse) An atomic reference region can play the role of a last reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The last atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the last region. Bing the last region is not a rigid property, thus last reference region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region but requires a relation via a role. _c: If something can not be determined exactly, one can attempt to approximate it. The approximates-relation relates two entity where one entity serves as approximation of the other. _c: An atomic region quality can play the role of a minimum quality. The minimum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the minimum depth quality. _c: The median atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. (inverse)An atomic reference region can play the role of the median atomic reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The median atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the median region. Being the median region is not a rigid property, thus median region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region. _c: An atomic reference region can play the role of the first atomic reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The first atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the first reference region. Being the first region is not a rigid property, thus first region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region. _c: A composed reference space is constituted by basic reference spaces. _c: A reference region maps a quality region. _c: A quality is observed by an observation. Virtually, only qualities are observable entities. Presence of a physical quality when inheres in an endurant. _c: An atomic reference region plays the role of a unit of measure. Atomic reference regions are entities that perfectly map to atomic quality regions. Atomic reference regions independently exist from atomic quality regions. Thus we chose one of these entities and assign the role of being a unit of measure to it. Being a unit of measure is a non-rigid property for a atomic reference region. Thus unit of measure can not be a sub category of atomic reference region. fp: (inverse) An endurant can be a consituting part of some other endurant. _c: (inverse) A unary quality is a quality that inheres in a single particular. A cup has a mass, independent of any other particular existing or non-existing. A unary quality requires only a single particular to be present. fp: The first atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that *plays* the role of the first region. To *be* the first region is not a rigid property, thus first region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region. _c: The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities. We distinguish between unary qualities and relational qualities (relational moments). A quality inheres in some particular. A quality is the quality of some particular. For example, a table edge has a length quality or a cup as a mass quality. _c: An information object can denote an atomic reference region. This is commonly done when a community agrees on some atomic quality region for establishing reference spaces. This atomic reference region then plays the role of a unit of measure. The information object, for example “m” denotes indirectly the unit of measure, for example meter. fp: any particular can be denoted by some information object. _c: (inverse) A quality region is mapped by a reference region. _c: A unary quality is a quality that inheres in a single particular. A cup has a mass, independent of any other particular existing or non-existing. A unary quality requires only a single particular to be present. _c: A non-atomic-reference-region that plays the role of a grounding-region-in-ref-space has as part an atomic region that plays the role of unit of measure. Thus, indirectly the grounding region has a unit-of measure. This indirect part-of relation can not be given completely in OWL. The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play the role of a grounding region. In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the unit of measure for the reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) _c: A quality space can have an atomic abstract quality region as part that plays the role of being the last atomic region in that quality space. The quality space and the role of being the last atomic region are related via the relations qs_has-indirect-part_laqr-role. This relation applies for the following sub-categories of quality space: One border abstract quality space (OBAB-QS), two border abstract quality space TBAB-QS, one border spatio temporal quality space (ONST-QS), two border spatio temporal quality space (TBST-QS). The roles of being the last region in the quality spaces are last-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region-role (LASTQR-Rl) and last-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role (LAAQR-R). _c: A quality space has a quality region as part. _c: (inverse) A non-atomic-reference-region has an atomic-reference-region as part. _c: A composed reference region can be composed by division. The regions that play the role of the dividend are related via the has-FO-dividend relation to the composed reference region. TODO: was FO-relation _c: (inverse) A quality can play a role. For example, from the many depth qualities a lake entertains, a certain depth quality plays the role of the maximum depth quality. The quality as such keeps its identity, while another depth quality could take over the role of playing the maximum depth quality. For this reason, maximal-lake-depth is a role and not a sub-category of lake depth quality. _c: (inverse)If a feature is part of another feature, then the feature is a lower dimensional part of the other spatial feature. Spatial features have only spatial features as parts. TODO: FO-relation _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). The non-atomic reference region that plays a certain role can have parts that in turn play also a certain role. In this case, a non-atomic reference region that plays, for example, the role of being the grounding reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the last atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.) fp: a quality is located in a region. The region is part of a quality space. When searching for qualities alocated in a certain quality space, it appears useful to state that a quality is indriectly located in the quality space of which the region is part at which the quality is located. _c: In the strict sense of our FOIS 2006 paper on spatial dimensionality of quality, only spatial features and spatial extent qualities can have spatial location quality. Here we relax this to allow also physical endurants to have spatial location qualities. _c: A non-atomic reference region can play the role of the first non-atomic region in a reference space. _c: (inverse) An endurant can play a role. For example, a lake can play the role of a recreation area. Recreation area is an entity that does only exist as long as the lake is used in a certain way. _c: A quality is located in a quality region of a quality space. In other words the "value" of the quality is a quality region. From this follows, that the absolute "value" of some quality is an atomic region (aka: a point in the quality space). Since human senses and mechanical measurement devices are not able to determine this absolute extent or value of some quality, we identify a non-atomic region from which we know that the absolute “value” (the atomic quality region) is contained within. We distinguish between non-atomic quality regions and atomic quality regions. If a quality is conceptualized to be located at an atomic quality region, then the quality has one exact “value”. If the quality is conceptualized to be located at a non-atomic region, the quality does entertain a value range. TODO: This property is causing inconsistencies when placed as sub-class of dol:location. _c: (inverse) The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities. We distinguish between unary qualities and relational qualities (relational moments). A quality inheres in some particular. A quality is the quality of some particular. For example, a table edge has a length quality or a cup as a mass quality. The most generic part relation, reflexive, asymmetric, and transitive. The proper part relation: irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. Any pair of individuals are notionally identical iff they instantiate all and only the same concepts. Any pair of individuals are ontologically identical if they are identical to themselves. Reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. Total constant participation applied to the mereological sum of the perdurants in which an endurant participates.